2. 注意篇章标记(discou rse m arkers)
即席讲话者在开口之前, 脑子里就已经形成了一幅粗线条“草图”; 接受采访的人在听到问题之后, 也会迅速构思, 简单地在脑中列出一些“提纲”。但这种草图或提纲是模糊的, 不完整的, 需要在讲话过程中逐渐加以完善。讲话者会运用一些标记来提醒自己和听者, 哪些是要点, 顺序如何, 做出什么结论等。译者必须时刻注意这些标记, 以此为辅助线索,“顺藤摸瓜”找到讲话要旨。
人们在非正式场合常用的语篇标记可大致分为以下十类:
(1) 时间顺序:
In the f irst p lace, N ex t, P reviou sly, Secondly, A f ter that, W h ile, Then, L ast, W hen(2) 强调:
The po in t you m u st rem em ber is. . . I’dlike to emphasize. . . L et m e repeat.
The nex t po in t is crucial to m y argum en t.
(3) 解释:
In o ther wo rds, L et m e pu t it th is w ay.
That is to say.
(4) 举例:
Fo r examp le, Fo r in stance, L et’s take. . .
A n examp le of th is w as. . .
(5) 转换话题:
Now let’s ( th ink abou t, look at, con sider,
tu rn ou r at ten t ion to). . .
(6) 因果:
So, Therefo re, Thu s, Since, A s, Be3 0 1cau se, Con sequen t ly, A s a resu lt.
(7) 递进:
Mo reover, Fu rthermo re, W hat’s mo re,
A lso, In addit ion.
(8) 转折:
Bu t, N evertheless, How ever, A lthough,
Yet, O n the o ther hand.
(9) 假设:
If, U n less, A ssum ing that.
(10) 总结:
To summ arize, To sum up , In conclu sion,
B rief ly then, It amoun t s to th is, A s w e haveseen. . .
对经验丰富的译员来说, 这些话语就像路标, 指引着他到达目的地。这些标记在自然的讲话或采访中并不十分明显, 这就需要译员有目的地培养自己对语篇标记的敏感度。下面是一则实例: 一个日化公司生产部经理接受采访谈她的业务发展。(划线处为语篇标记)
W ell, I jo ined the company as a m arket ingassistan t back in 1997 and m y du t ies then (时间顺序) w ere qu ite differen t to m y p resen t du t iesas p roduct m anager. N ow , (时间顺序) I’m respon sib le fo r bo th ou r soap range and hair2carep roduct s, w hereas bef ore (对比) Iw as get t inggeneralm ark ing experience. For ex amp le, (举例) I assisted them arket ing m anager by co llecting and analyzing data. In p a rticu la r, (强调) Iw as invo lved in m arket research fo r ou r soapp roduct s. M y respon sib ilit ies have changed alo t, of cou rse. In those d ay s , (时间顺序) I u sedto be ju st a m em ber of a team , bu t now , (转折) I’ve go t f ive peop le wo rk ing under m e andI’m comp letely respon sib le fo r the launch of anew range of hair p roduct s nex t year. There’s alo t mo re wo rk. O n the other hand , (对比) it’sm uch mo re varied. The actual hou rs I spend inthe off ice are nearly the sam e as befo re. H ow ever, (递进) I do tend to take mo re wo rk hom ethese days. Th is is som eth ing ou r m arket ingm anager, w ho is direct ly above m e, th ink squ ite no rm al.
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